OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara <div style="text-align: justify;"> <p style="line-height: 160%;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;"> <strong>OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra or Journal of Languages and Literature</strong> (<span style="text-align: justify; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac;"><a style="text-decoration: none;" href="http://u.lipi.go.id/1180426079" target="_blank" rel="license noopener"><strong>P-ISSN: 1907-624X</strong></a></span></span></span> and <span style="text-align: justify; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac;"><a style="text-decoration: none;" href="http://u.lipi.go.id/1422410445" target="_blank" rel="license noopener"><strong>E-ISSN: 2442-305X</strong></a></span></span></span>) is a peer-reviewed journal published biannually by the Center of Language development of Institut Agama Islam Negeri (IAIN) Madura, in collaboration with ELITE Association Indonesia. Accredited <span style="color: #007eac;"><a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://sinta.kemdikbud.go.id/journals/detail?id=4045" target="_blank" rel="license noopener"><strong>"Rank 2"</strong></a></span></span> <span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;">by the Directorate General of Higher Education, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia under <span style="text-align: justify; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac;"><strong style="text-decoration: none;"><a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QehgsfwHAJ8mmcxTgtWXWyr2yx8Flpih/view" target="_blank" rel="license noopener">Decree No. 164/E/KPT/2021</a>.</strong></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="line-height: 160%;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;">The journal publishes original research between theoretical and practical studies on current issues in linguistics, literature, and language teaching. It especially welcomes perspectives from ASEAN and Southeast Asian communities and across the globe.</span></p> <p style="line-height: 160%;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;"> This journal is an open-access journal which means that all content is freely available without any charge to the user(s) or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author.</span></p> <p style="line-height: 160%;"><span style="font-size: small; text-align: justify;"> OKARA has become a <span style="text-align: justify; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac;"><a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://search.crossref.org/?q=okara+jurnal+bahasa+dan+sastra" target="_blank" rel="license noopener"><strong>Crossref Member</strong></a></span></span></span> since 2015, therefore all articles published by OKARA will have unique DOI numbers. OKARA has also been reviewed by <span style="text-align: justify; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac;"><a style="text-decoration: none;" href="http://www.asean-cites.org/aci_search/journal.html?b3BlbkpvdXJuYWwmaWQ9MTA3NjA" target="_blank" rel="license noopener"><strong>ACI (ASEAN Citation Index)</strong></a></span></span></span><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac;"><strong style="text-decoration: none;">&nbsp;</strong></span></span></span>steering committee, and it has been advised to be <span style="text-align: justify; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac; font-size: small; font-family: sans-serif;"><span style="color: #007eac;"><a style="text-decoration: none;" href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aep92qLVaSdeZCa2oON83ttgN_es4jUZ/view?usp=sharing" target="_blank" rel="license noopener"><strong>accepted</strong></a></span></span></span> for ACI inclusion on November 1, 2018.</span></p> </div> IAIN MADURA en-US OKARA: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 1907-624X <div id="copyrightNotice"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <p>The journal operates an Open Access policy under a <a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"> <strong><span style="color: #007eac;">Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.</span></strong></a> Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:</p> <ol> <li class="show">Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a&nbsp;Creative Commons Attribution License&nbsp;that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.</li> <li class="show">Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.</li> <li class="show">Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <hr style="”border-bottom: 3px;"> Global Englishes Awareness and Pedagogical Practices: A Study of Chinese English Teacher Educators http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/10640 <p align="justify">Previous studies on Global Englishes (GE) awareness tend to focus on pre- and in-service English teachers, with little attention paid to English teacher educators. Given the potential transfer of English teacher educators’ perceptions on diverse Englishes and associated teaching practices to English teacher trainees, this study adopted a mixed-methods approach to investigate the GE awareness and pedagogical practice of Chinese English teacher educators who are engaged in preparing English teachers for junior middle schools in rural China. The analysis of the data collected via a questionnaire survey with 49 English teacher educators and interviews with seven of them indicates that most participants had a pseudo GE awareness, holding a positive attitude toward non-native English but deeming it as less standard than its native counterpart, and almost all participants followed the native-speakerist paradigm in classroom teaching, and did not actively introduce GE to their students. Revealed simultaneously is that even the participants with long stays overseas also bought into native speakerism. In reference to China’s socio-cultural and historical-political contexts, this study proposes that China adjust its national English syllabi and reconstruct the professional development programs for English teacher educators to facilitate the implementation of Global Englishes Language Teaching (GELT).</p> Junshuan Liu Copyright (c) 2023 Junshuan Liu 2023-10-30 2023-10-30 17 2 153 171 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.10640 Delving Into Writing Anxiety of Rural College EFL Learners: A Quantitative Study http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/10407 <p align="justify">Anxiety in foreign language writing burdens EFL learners before, during, and after producing scientific written texts. This current research aimed to explore the types, levels, and causes of anxiety toward writing research reports and the final thesis of rural college EFL learners and the emerging causes of their writing apprehension. 103 EFL learners in two rural colleges in Indonesia participated in the quantitative study by employing the Second Language Writing Inventory (SLWAI) and the Causes of Writing Anxiety Inventory (CWAI). The results reveal that cognitive anxiety was the highest type and level of rural college EFL learners' writing apprehension. Independent t-test shows that female EFL learners dominate male learners regarding writing anxiety. Furthermore, junior learners were more anxious than seniors. The learners with writing training had lower anxiety than those without writing experiences. Moreover, the learners taking the Research Method course were anxious about writing a research report. However, no significant difference was found between each variable. The most dominant emerging factors deal with problems with linguistic matters, fear of lecturers or supervisors' negative feedback, self-regulation in writing, writing evaluation, and inadequate training in writing. In conclusion, current classroom practice in rural colleges needs to be aware of and take academic action towards such circumstances.</p> Heri Mudra Copyright (c) 2023 Heri Mudra, Timothy Mckinnon 2023-11-06 2023-11-06 17 2 172 192 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.10407 Authenticity in Language Learning: A Study of Language Materials in Public High Schools http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/8577 <p align="justify">Instructional materials are paramount in effecting language instruction. However, there are contextual issues related to the use and selection of these materials. This study focused on authentic language instructional materials in public secondary schools in the Philippines. This study employed a mixed-methods research approach. This study concludes that internet-based authentic language instructional materials are inadequate in language instruction, showing limitations on the capacity of the school and the language teachers to provide adequate internet-based materials; there are concerns about using authentic language instructional materials that hinder learners' authentic response and comprehension to authentic language instructional materials, and there were measures to overcome the concerns which could develop authentic language instructional materials into the ideal learning materials. It is recommended that language teachers select resources according to the learners' unique requirements, proficiency levels, cultural contexts, and educational contexts. The participation of learners in the selection process and activity design is crucial to ensure the materials are engaging and culturally pertinent. To effectively address the challenges associated with using these resources, a collaborative approach is recommended, involving teachers, students, and other stakeholders in implementing the suggested solutions.</p> Jevera Cawilan Domogen Copyright (c) 2023 Jevera Cawilan Domogen 2023-11-07 2023-11-07 17 2 193 211 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.8577 The Image of Java and Its People in Emilie’s Eyes Under the Perspective of New Historicism http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/10310 <p align="justify">Emilie Java 1904 by Catherine Van Moppès is a French novel that portrays Indonesia's portrait in Java in 1904, a century of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. This novel describes Indonesian colonialism through the third lens, a narration from a French person's point of view. This research aims to identify the historiography of Java in 1904, where the Dutch carried out deep colonialism using a new historicism perspective. The qualitative descriptive method was used. The data involved words, phrases, and sentences containing Javanese historiography in the novel. This study found that 1) the Javanese people are friendly, embrace Islam, and have solid ancient beliefs. The nature of Javanese men who still despise women is also reviewed; 2) From the European perspective, Java's conditions are described as exotic and beautiful but chaotic and dangerous; 3) Colonialism is also seen from a neutral side by writing that shows the negative side of priyayi and the arbitrary attitude of the Dutch toward the natives. This novel implies that the Javanese were civilized before the Dutch came, which contradicts the primary purpose of Westerners coming to the East. Otherwise, she also showed the negative and positive side of Java and its people toward the Dutch.</p> Yuli Mahmudah Sentana Safrina Arifiani Felayati Léa Blace Copyright (c) 2023 Yuli Mahmudah Sentana, Safrina Arifiani Felayati, Léa Blace 2023-11-16 2023-11-16 17 2 212 226 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.10310 Manifesting Grammatical Meanings and Functions of Particle “Lah” in Pégon Script (Javanese Translation) of Syiʻir Qiyāmah http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/9921 <p align="justify">Linguistics researchers and academics frequently overlook the presence of particles in sentence constructions. Nonetheless, language is never presented in a vacuum. Any-faceted phenomenon can be ‘means’ in many different ways and can be explored from many different points of view. This study discussed the grammatical meanings and functions of the particle <em>lah </em>in <em>Syiʻīr</em> or <em>Singir</em>. Qualitative data collected in this study were obtained from <em>Syiʻīr Qiyāmah</em>’s<em> Pégon</em> script, consisting of <em>recto</em> (introduction) and chapters from 16 pages with the amount of 16 verses. Meanwhile, all the data were analyzed by combining philology and linguistics studies to comprehend and interpret language in written historical sources. The findings of this study indicate that the grammatical meanings of this particle <em>lah </em>were highly contested and varied due to the particle <em>lah</em>'s different position in Javanese clause/ sentence construction. Given that the particle <em>lah</em> has no lexical meaning of its own, its meaning is inextricably linked to the context of the sentence in which it appears. Through meticulous investigation, this study discovered four grammatical meanings of particle <em>lah </em>in <em>Syiʻīr Qiyāmah’</em>s<em> Pégon</em> script: (1) as the interjectors, (2) as <em>taukid</em>, (3) as conjunctures, and (4) as separators; as well as three functions of particle <em>lah</em> in <em>Syiʻīr Qiyāmah’</em>s<em> Pégon</em> script: (1) to highlight the information that was considered important; (2) to connect one information with another; and (3) to emphasize the importance of elements in the information unit.</p> Hendrokumoro Nadia Khumairo Ma'shumah Ratna Nur Fatimah Irakusuma Copyright (c) 2023 Hendrokumoro, Nadia Khumairo Ma'shumah, Ratna Nur Fatimah Irakusuma 2023-11-18 2023-11-18 17 2 227 242 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.9921 Istirātījiyyātu al-Nafādi Ilá al-Muʻjami al-Żihnī lada Talāmīżi al-Sanati al-Śāliśati min al-Taʻlīmi al-Śānawī al-Iʻdādiyyi [Mental Lexicon Access Strategies for Students of the Third Year of Preparatory Secondary Education] http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/10358 <p align="justify">Lexical units are organized within the mental lexicon, and the processes of constructing, processing, and accessing them are organized according to extremely complex mental pathways. This requires language speakers to activate them and use them quickly and effectively in their linguistic achievement. The more the speaker's access to his mental lexicon is sound, the more he can communicate successfully in different linguistic contexts. This research paper attempts to contribute to deriving some appropriate strategies for accessing the mental lexicon according to the parametric peculiarities of the Arabic language by linking these strategies to four basic criteria (the criterion of phonetic similarity, the criterion of spelling form, the criterion of semantic similarity, the criterion of grammatical predicate). This study was based on field research that targeted a sample of 40 students belonging to the third year of preparatory secondary education within a Moroccan public educational institution. The study used tests related to linguistic information that allows access to lexical units within the mental lexicon, aiming to analyze and measure them in the student's linguistic achievement. The results revealed that there is a strong influence of standards of access to the mental lexicon on the performance of learners in written expression and that there is a large gap between what is stipulated in educational documents and what students produce in their construction writings based on their level in this academic level.</p> Hamza Ghoura Mostafa Bouanani Copyright (c) 2023 Hamza Ghoura, Mostafa Bouanani 2023-11-21 2023-11-21 17 2 243 264 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.10358 Al-Ārā’ al-Balāghiyyah li Sheikh al-Azhar Muḥammad Sayyid Ṭanṭāwī fī Tafsīr al-Wasīṭ [Arabic Rhetorical Opinions of Sheikh al-Azhar Muhammad Sayyid Tantawi in the Tafsir al-Wasit] http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/10071 <p align="justify">A linguistic interpretation appeared at the hands of the Sheikh al-Azhar, Muhammad Sayed Tantawi, whose field was in tafsir. He wrote a tafsir book of the Holy Qur'an in thirty volumes until he became famous as an interpreter, modernizer, and Islamic thinker. He formulated his interpretation with <em>balāghah</em>'s (Arabic Rhetoric) explanation in linguistic studies. The problem was whether Sheikh al-Azhar specialized in linguistic studies. This study aims to find his scientific personality and creativity in the <em>balāghah</em> explanation. The researchers used inductive and analytical approaches in three sections (juz) of <em>Tafsīr al-Wasīṭ</em>: the first, second, and third. The finding is that Sheikh al-Azhar was a prominent figure in the <em>balāghah</em> aspect, as he created a single opinion when explaining the rhetorical verses of the Qur'an. In his explanation, he may transfer from the books of the former interpreters. However, he was not only satisfied with conveying their opinions but also showed the existence of scientific discussion among the interpreters, adding a new opinion, preferring an opinion, or confirming a correct opinion by relying on Arabic grammar, tafsir, and hadith. This work indicated the existence of multidisciplinary studies in linguistics and Islamic studies.</p> Mirwan Akhmad Taufiq Mohammad Elnour Gasm Elseed Copyright (c) 2023 Mirwan Akhmad Taufiq, Mohammad Elnour Gasm Elseed 2023-11-23 2023-11-23 17 2 265 281 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.10071 Facebook Commentaries in Leni Robredo’s Presidential Campaign: Sexism Illumination http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/10271 <p align="justify">Sexism in social media sites has rarely been looked into and has been scarcely seen as a crucial subject to research studies, which is alarming to the desire to achieve an equal and just society. This study focused on the sexist rhetoric used in the commentaries on 2022 Presidentiable Leni Robredo to reveal how prevalent and existing sexism in the Philippines through language is. Comments are gathered from Facebook posts pertaining to Atty. Leni Robredo. The study employed a qualitative-descriptive research design, specifically content analysis, to analyze sexist words and phrases. The weight and capability of each word's sexism were compared when it is used to insult, degrade, and malign a woman to determine its level of sexism. The study revealed that deep-rooted gender biases and sexism through language are still highly functioning in society, as is observed and experienced online. Hostile sexism is the most pervasive level of sexism and hence contributes to widespread sexism in the country and is more commonly done by the majority of males than females. It is recommended that academe should promote unbiased gender language by making every term and phrase gender inclusive as an introduction lesson/subject) to avoid sexism.</p> Ailyn Capuyan Mark Paul Capuyan Percky Daffodil Jayme Joemar Minoza Rogela Flores Copyright (c) 2023 Ailyn Capuyan, Mark Paul Capuyan, Percky Daffodil Jayme, Joemar Minoza, Rogela Flores 2023-11-26 2023-11-26 17 2 281 299 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.10271 Bun-yat al-Manhâj Syibhu al-Muwâziyah li Qismi Ta’lîmi al-Lughati al-Arabiyyati bi Jâmi’ati Maulânâ Mâlik Ibrâhim al-Islâmiyati al-Hukûmiyati Mâlang http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/6458 <p align="justify">The frequent changes in government policies regarding higher education curricula pose a problem for many universities. One recent policy that has caused issues is the "MBKM" curriculum, which also influences State Islamic Religious Colleges. This study aims to reveal how the Arabic Language Teaching Department of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang developed a semi-parallel structure by combining parallel and serial structures. A case study approach was employed, with the Arabic language teaching department of UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang as the main research subject. Data was collected through interviews and documentation. The data analysis consisted of three stages: data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings revealed that the semi-parallel curriculum structure implemented by the Arabic language teaching department fulfills two curriculum standards. Firstly, it meets the demand for curriculum standardization based on the Indonesian National Qualifications Framework (KKNI) outlined in Higher Education Regulation No. 44, 2015. Secondly, the semi-parallel curriculum structure corresponds to the curriculum standards set forth by the Indonesian Arabic Teachers Association (IMLA) in 2019. So, the development of a semi-parallel curriculum structure for the Arabic Language Teaching department has proven to be following national standards, even though policies often change.</p> Nurul Hadi Imam Asrori M. Abdul Hamid Copyright (c) 2023 Nurul Hadi, Imam Asrori, M. Abdul Hamid 2023-11-29 2023-11-29 17 2 300 317 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.6458 On Michel Foucault: Power/Knowledge, Discourse, and Subjectivity http://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/okara/article/view/9749 <p align="justify">The indubitable significance of Michel Foucault within the realm of modern humanities cannot be overstated. His far-reaching influence across various fields of study has proven to be of paramount importance. The present study is intended to bring into focus the most consequential critical concepts of Michel Foucault. While certain scholars have previously endeavoured to depict and reconceptualise Foucault's principal notions, many of them have tended to complicate the matter by problematising his understanding of these concepts. The most significant concepts include Discourse, Power, Knowledge, and Subjectivity. The nature and function of discourses in shaping knowledge and the relationship between knowledge and power have been subject to investigation. Additionally, this study sheds light on the manner in which subjects are shaped in the duality of power and resistance. The primary objective of this study is to offer a lucid definition of these terms and their interrelatedness.</p> Younes Poorghorban Copyright (c) 2023 Younes Poorghorban 2023-11-29 2023-11-29 17 2 318 328 10.19105/ojbs.v17i2.9749