ZAKAT DALAM SEJARAH UMAT PRA-KENABIAN MUHAMMAD
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Abstract
persamaan dan perbedaan ritual antara Islam dengan Kristen
dan Yahudi yang sama-sama sebagai agama sah Ibrahim.
Salah satu persamaan ritual tersebut adalah kewajiban
mengeluarkan zakat. Dalam tulisan ini, penulis mengkaji
persoalan zakat dalam syarî’ah terdahulu dengan
menggunakan metode tafsir tematik. Dalam kaitan ini, al-
Qur`an menampilkan kata zakah dalam tiga gaya bahasa
(uslûb). Pertama, menggunakan uslûb insyâ’iy, yaitu berupa
perintah, dengan menggunakan kata âtû, anfiqû, dan khuzh.
Kedua, menggunakan uslûb targhîb (motivatif). Ketiga,
menggunakan uslûb tarhîb (intimidasi). Keempat,
menggunakan uslûb madh (pujian). Karena fokus penelitian ini
hanya menyangkut ayat-ayat pokok tentang zakat terdahulu,
maka hanya kata-kata dalam ayat pokok itu yang dianalisis
berdasarkan tiga gaya bahasa (uslûb) ini. Dalam surat Maryam
ayat 31, al-Qur`an menggunakan kata awshâ, dalam surat
Maryam ayat 55, al-Qur`an menggunakan kata ya’muru,
dalam surat al-Anbiyâ’ ayat 73, al-Qur`an menggunakan
gabungan kata awhâ dan îtâ’, dalam surat al-Baqarah ayat 83,
al-Qur`an menggunakan kata âtû, dalam surat al-Mâ’idah
ayat 12, al-Qur`an menggunakan gabungan kata umirû dan
âtaytum. Dalam keenam ayat di atas, al-Qur`an sama-sama
menggunakan gaya bahasa perintah (uslûb insyâ’î). Ini bisa
dibuktikan dengan konsekuensi serius bagi pengingkar zakat.
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