Animate or Inanimate: How Does Animacy Affect Relative Clauses Production for Indonesian and Foreign Learners

Arti Prihatini; Fida Pangesti; Petrus Ari Santoso; Ho Ngoc Hieu

doi:10.19105/ojbs.v17i1.8508

Arti Prihatini Department of Indonesian Language Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang 65144 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3805-4851
Fida Pangesti Department of Indonesian Language Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang 65144 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3529-629X
Petrus Ari Santoso Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Tokyo 252-0882 https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3084-2838
Ho Ngoc Hieu University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 700000 https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6707-8106

https://doi.org/10.19105/ojbs.v17i1.8508

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Keywords: Animacy, Foreign learners, Indonesian learners, Language production, Relative clause

Abstract

In second language learning, relative clauses are widely studied. However, research comparing Indonesian and foreign learners’ clauses based on animacy has not been widely done. Besides, animacy affects the difficulty of producing relative clauses. Therefore, this study investigates the role of animacy in the production of relative clauses, the relationship between movement distance and the production of relative clauses, and the role of animacy in conformity with the rules of relative clauses. This research employs a descriptive case study. Data was collected from documents on popular article texts of Indonesian and foreign learners of the University of Muhammadiyah Malang. The data were analyzed based on the generative transformation theory developed by Noam Chomsky. The study results show that animacy plays a significant role in producing relative clauses. Indonesian and foreign learners compose more relative clauses on inanimate nouns, which function as subjects, objects, and complements. Foreign learners create more relative objects than subjects. Based on distance, short-movement relative clauses are very productive for Indonesian and foreign learners. Most Indonesian (97%) and foreign (85%) learners have produced relative clauses that conform to the rules. However, relative clauses with inanimate head nouns often break the rules.

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Author Biographies

Arti Prihatini, Department of Indonesian Language Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang 65144

ARTI PRIHATINI is a lecturer in the Department of Indonesian Language Education, Faculty of Teacher and Training Education at Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Indonesia. She is specialized in Indonesian language education. Her research interest includes psycholinguistics, Indonesian as second language learning, teaching and learning, and discourse analysis.

Fida Pangesti, Department of Indonesian Language Education, Faculty of Education and Teacher Training, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang 65144

FIDA PANGESTI is a lecturer in the Department of Indonesian Language Education, Faculty of Teacher and Training Education at Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Indonesia. She is specialized in Indonesian language education. Her research interest includes teaching Indonesian to speakers of other languages (TISOL) and psycholinguistics.

Petrus Ari Santoso, Faculty of Policy Management, Keio University, Kanagawa, Tokyo 252-0882

PETRUS ARI SANTOSO is a visiting assistant professor (full-time) in the Faculty of Policy Management at Keio University. He is specialized in Indonesian as a foreign language and intercultural communication. His research interest includes teaching Indonesian to speakers of other languages (TISOL).

Ho Ngoc Hieu, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh 700000

HO NGOC HIEU is a lecturer at the University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam. His research interest includes teaching and learning and linguistics.

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